Fisherman Helgi Aargil no longer knows what to expect on Greenland's fjords, where he spends up to five days at a time on his boat with his dog, Molly, and the ever-changing northern lights in the sky as company.
Last year, his boat got stuck in ice that broke off the nearby glacier. This year, it's been very wet instead. His income is just as unpredictable. An outing could bring him around 100,000 Danish kroner (about RM61,560), or nothing at all.
The Arctic's rapidly changing climate is bringing more questions for Greenland, the semiautonomous territory of Denmark that's been shaken by US President Donald Trump's interest in owning it.
While Trump's approach to Greenland has shifted, the world has been unable to slow the effects of climate change. The Arctic is warming faster than any other region in the world, driven by the burning of oil, gas and coal.
What that means for the fishing industry that largely drives Greenland's economy is unknown. Fishing accounts for up to 95% of exports, many to the territory's biggest market, China, along with the United States, Japan and Europe.
Disappearing sea ice
Wrapped in a wool sweater against the freezing wind, Aargil explained how he fishes for halibut and cod. Other top catches are shrimp and snow crab, which including legs can reach more than a metre in length.
"My father was fishing from the sea ice" one and a half metres thick, recalled Karl Sandgreen, head of the Icefjord Center that documents climate change in the region and is based in the town of Ilulissat.
That sea ice started disappearing around 1997, Sandgreen said, and fishermen who drilled through the ice to fish increasingly started to fish by boat instead. The use of boats allows fishermen to reach larger areas, but that can come with extra costs and pollution that accelerates warming.
Fishing has shaped Greenland's communities. The harbour where fishermen return to sell their catch is at the heart of every town or village. Before heading out, some fishermen pick up boxes from the island's fishing companies to pack their catch which, in the capital of Nuuk, is winched from the boat to the fish factory.
The challenge now is how to support traditional fishermen when there is sometimes "too much ice to sail, too little to go out on", Binzer said. Already, that unpredictability has caused a "huge" problem.
Royal Greenland already loans fishermen money to buy a boat, which they repay from selling their catch, Binzer said.
If everyone turns to fishing from boats, that could help economically but lead to overfishing, said Boris Worm, an expert in marine biodiversity at Dalhousie University in Canada.
In Greenland, there are already signs of too much fishing close to shore as halibut are getting smaller, Binzer said. Worm agreed, calling it a classic sign of overfishing as the bigger fish are caught and the smaller, younger ones are left.
That problem could worsen as the retreating ice makes fish more accessible. Fish stocks could rise as the warmer weather causes increased rain and melting ice to bring more nutrients for plankton, which the fish feed on, Worm said.
He warned, however, that the fish may not behave as "predictably", as in the past, perhaps by seeking new food sources if they can no longer feed on the algae which grows under the sea ice.
Few options beyond fishing
On his boat near Nuuk, Aargil considered another challenge: Warm weather is making some fish harder to catch as they go deeper in search of colder waters.
"It's too warm," he said, looking at the hills around the fjord. "I don't know where the fish is going, but there's not so much."
Options beyond fishing remain few in Greenland. Tourism is increasing but far from making up a significant part of the economy.
Tradition, too, is at the heart of worries about climate change. Already, dog sledders have been confined to land when there is no sea ice.
Fishing is the "most important" thing.
In the capital alone, he said, there are more than 1,000 boats in the harbour during summer – in a territory where the total population is little over 50,000. – AP
