The Republic is one of the countries most at risk from the changing trends in globalisation. - ST PHOTO: CHONG JUN LIANG
GENEVA: Scepticism over the benefits of international trade and multilateral cooperation has been rising, with the economic shocks wrought by Covid-19 and the war in Ukraine fuelling perceptions that globalisation has exposed countries to excessive risks instead of making them stronger, a world trade report revealed on Tuesday.
This has led to a change in the geopolitical landscape, with implications for global security, inequality and the accelerating climate crisis, findings of the 2023 edition of the World Trade Report showed.
“Trade is increasingly seen as part of the problem rather than part of the solution to these challenges,” said the World Trade Organisation (WTO), which publishes the yearly report. Yet, international trade plays an indispensable role in creating a more secure, inclusive and sustainable world.
The WTO is the only global international organisation dealing with the rules of trade between nations, with the goal of helping producers of goods and services, exporters and importers conduct their business. It has 164 members, including Singapore.
The Republic, which is highly reliant on trade and plays a role in facilitating global trade flows as a financial hub for the region, is one of the countries most at risk from the changing trends in globalisation, World Trade Report coordinator Victor Stolzenburg said.
Trade tensions between the world’s largest trading partners have been on the rise, culminating in the imposition by the United States of an average import duty of 19.3 per cent on imports from China, and the imposition by China of an average import duty of 21.1 per cent on imports from the United States.
Trade restrictions resulting from the war in Ukraine have risen. Out of the 96 export restrictive measures on food, feed and fertilizers introduced since the start of the Ukraine war in February 2022, 68 were still in place by the end of February 2023, covering roughly US$85 billion (S$115.8 billion) of trade, the report revealed.
Other unilateral measures taken by large economies include Indonesia’s export restrictions on raw materials, China’s export restrictions on gallium and germanium, which are used to make semiconductors, and a European Union policy roll-out preventing industries from moving to countries with less stringent climate policies to avoid carbon costs.
As a result, trade patterns and relationships are reorienting along geopolitical lines, with nations outsourcing or moving business operations to countries that they have friendly ties with.
While this could reduce production costs and consumer prices, the risk is a concentration of production in certain economies and fewer suppliers for some products, making it difficult to find alternatives and raising the vulnerability of the global economy, WTO said.
Electrical equipment such as mobile phones and semiconductors accounts for the highest proportion of the export value of goods with fewer alternative suppliers, followed by fuel.
“When trade starts to fragment like this there is much less need for hubs, as trade will reorientate into blocs of economies that are friendly with each other and Singapore, which is located closer to the East, may not benefit from a lot of the trade flows that it does right now,” Mr Stolzenburg said.
“If trade starts to flow less from the US to China and more from the US to Europe, for instance, that won’t happen via Singapore. Or if the US starts trading more with Mexico than China, there will be less need for a hub in Asia.”
Mr Stolzenburg added that Singapore could suffer much larger income losses than economies that are less reliant on trade, if international trade starts to fragment.
Still, there have been positive developments in international trade and global supply chains.
Trade was critical in delivering medical goods and vaccines where they were most needed during the pandemic, and grains to food importers since the start of the war in Ukraine, for example.
Advances in sustainability have been made, with trade in goods that promote conservation, reduce pollution and contribute to a greener and more sustainable economy growing much faster than the total volume of goods traded.
Technological developments have made renewable energy a more appealing and viable alternative to producing and transporting goods than fossil fuels, which has helped in the global transition towards a greener economy.
Meanwhile, digitalisation has created new jobs, markets and products, and driven a rapid decline in the trade costs of services such as entertainment, financial and administrative tasks that can be delivered digitally across borders.
As a whole, report findings identified the need for more international trade and more cooperation, not less.
“The major issues that policymakers are facing the world over – from security to inclusiveness to climate change – transcend nation states. Pandemics, conflicts and greenhouse gas emissions do not stop at borders, and spillovers from domestic choices and policies are much larger than they used to be,” WTO said.
Mr Stolzenburg said: “Singapore has a lot of influence in Asia and can do a lot to convince other economies that a breakdown in international trade is not in anyone’s favour.
“But there is only so much we can do if the large players turn away from the multilateral trade system,” he added. - The Straits Times/ANN
