Global military spending tops US$2 trillion for first time

Rising trends: People look at missiles and tanks during a weapons fair in Moscow. Global military spending rose again in 2021, setting new records, researchers say. — AFP

STOCKHOLM: Global military expenditure has surpassed US$2 trillion (RM8.7 trillion) per year for the first time, and looks set to rise further as European countries beef up their armed forces in response to Russia’s invasion of Ukraine.

In 2021, countries spent a total of US$2,1bil (RM9.2bil) on their militaries, up 0.7% in real terms from the year before, according to a report released by the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute, or Sipri.

After a brief period of declining military spending between 2011 and 2014, outlays have increased for seven consecutive years, according to Sipri data.

In the wake of the full-scale invasion of Ukraine, several European governments have pledged a spending overhaul to boost their forces’ capabilities.

“Europe was already on an increasing trend, and this trend will accelerate and intensify,” Lucie Beraud-Sudreau, director of Sipri’s military expenditure and arms production programme, said in a phone interview.

“Usually change happens slowly, until you are in a crisis and then change really happens. I think that’s where we are now.”

The upturn since 2015 has partly been fuelled by higher spending in Europe, after Russia’s 2014 annexation of Crimea raised the perceived threat level at the same time as the United States administration under Donald Trump increased pressure on Nato allies to spend more on their armed forces, Beraud-Sudreau said.

European spending in 2021 accounted for 20% of the global total, and China’s defence budget, the world’s second largest, is estimated to make up 14%.

The US remains by far the biggest spender, with US$801bil (RM3.5 trillion) allocated to the armed forces in 2021, according to Sipri. In the last decade, US military spending has made up as much as 39% of global expenditures.

While the country’s arms purchases have declined, more funds have been devoted to military research and development, suggesting that the US is focusing more on next-generation technologies, according to Sipri researcher Alexandra Marksteiner.

As European nations from Sweden to Spain have pledged to increase defence budgets, early indications are that modernising and upgrading weapons systems will be a key priority, Beraud-Sudreau said.

In doing so, they are facing a choice of whether to prioritise a quick buildup by buying equipment off-the-shelf from arms manufacturers in other parts of the world, or taking a more long-term approach by increasing funding for domestic industry.

However, the purchase of arms isn’t the only requirement highlighted by Russia’s invasion.

“You see that many of Russian forces’ challenges are related to things like logistics, fuel, tires and secure communications,” she said.

“Buying that stuff might be less visible, but the situation in Ukraine has shown to external observers how important that is for waging war.” — Bloomberg