Chester is the fourth generation in her family to become a teen mother as she was never given any sex education. — Photos: TNS
J.R. Chester got pregnant the summer before her senior year of high school.
A bright student with good grades, she gave birth, graduated and was pregnant again when she arrived at college that fall.
She was a teen mum, like her mother, her grandmother and her great-grandmother.
Her school did not teach sexual health education, and preventing pregnancy was a foreign concept.
Her sons are now teenagers.
“If you don’t know your options, you don’t have any,” said Chester, now a programme director for Healthy Futures of Texas, a non-profit sexual health advocacy and education organisation in Texas, United States.
“Everyone was pregnant. And it just felt like: When it happens, it happens.”
Revised minimum standards
While teen pregnancies have declined in Texas and across the US in recent decades, Texas continues to have one of the highest American state rates of teens giving birth at 22.4 births per 1,000 girls and women ages 15-19.
The lowest, in Massachusetts, is 6.1.
Along with Alabama, Texas has America’s highest rate of repeat teen pregnancies.
This fall (2022), school districts across Texas are marking a shift to what educators call an “abstinence-plus” curriculum – the first time the state has revised its standards for sexual health education in more than 20 years.
Although districts may choose their own curriculum and teach more than the state requires, the state’s minimum health standards now go beyond focusing on abstinence to stop pregnancies.
It now includes teaching middle-schoolers (aged 11-13 years) about contraceptives and giving additional information about preventing sexually-transmitted infections (STIs), such as the human papillomavirus (HPV) that has been linked to several cancers.
Previously, a 2017 report showed 58% of Texas school districts offered “abstinence-only” sexual health education, while only 17% offered curricula that expanded beyond that.
A quarter of schools offered no sex education.
Research shows that sex education programmes that teach about contraception are effective at increasing contraceptive use, and even delaying sexual activity among young people.
Abstinence-focused education programmes, on the other hand, have not been shown to be particularly effective at curbing sexual activity among teens.
Urgent need
Whether Texas teens receive any sex education at all, though, depends on whether their parents sign them up.
Seen here are pamphlets on STIs and preventing pregnancy at the Dallas office of Healthy Futures of Texas. A survey found that schools were among the top three choices of both parents and teens to provide sex education.
While parents previously had to “opt out” of sex education portions of their kids’ health classes, they now have to “opt in” for their children to receive those lessons.
That means parents must sign and return a permission slip – a change some fear could lead to kids missing out, not so much due to parental objections, but because of lost forms and language barriers.
These changes in sex education come as Texas ratchets down abortion access following the US Supreme Court decision in June (2022) overturning the decision of the 1973 court case Roe v. Wade, which guaranteed a constitutional right to abortion in US.
Texas has one of the US’ most restrictive abortion laws.
The question of how schools educate young people about their sexual health and development has taken on new urgency now that many US state governments have enacted abortion bans.
Health advocates say many women may have no choice but to carry a pregnancy to term, and that has created a new class of haves and have-nots: those who have the knowledge, resources and agency to protect themselves from getting pregnant, and those who do not.
Texas is big and diverse enough to need education policies that can be adapted for remote border towns and sprawling metropolitan areas – both of which have high rates of unintended teen pregnancy.
More than abstinence
In 2019, the Texas Board of Education began rewriting the health education standards that had been in place since the 1990s.
It kept in place the standards stating “that there are risks associated with sexual activity and that abstinence from sexual activity is the only 100% effective method to avoid risks”.
According to the reproductive health research organisation Guttmacher Institute, 39 US states, plus the District of Columbia, mandate that sex education classes provide information about abstinence, with 29 of them requiring that it must be “stressed”.
Just 20 US states and the District of Columbia require that the classes provide information about contraception.
Under Texas law, sex education must still present abstinence as “the preferred choice”.
When schools teach about condoms and other forms of contraception, they must provide what Texas calls “human use reality rates” – or, as it is described in medical literature, “typical use” – that detail the effectiveness of those methods outside laboratory settings.
The changes taking effect this year (2022) primarily address if and when a Texas student learns about certain sexual health subjects.
Under the state’s previous standards, Texas schools could teach about birth control methods beyond abstinence, but only in high school health classes, which are optional.
Now, information about contraceptives, as well as more about STIs, is taught in middle school health classes, which are required.
In May (2022), the Dallas Independent School District, one of America’s largest, approved lesson materials to meet the state’s new requirements.
But school officials here wanted to do more given the scope of the problem.
Advocates say Dallas County has the highest rate of repeat teen pregnancies in the nation.
The district curriculum goes beyond the state minimum and includes gender identity and extra information about contraceptives, as well as a contract with Healthy Futures of Texas to teach an optional after-school programme for high school students.
The previous curriculum was “very scientific” and “very dry”, said Dustin Marshall, a member of the school district’s board of trustees, and left out basic information about contraceptives, like how to put on a condom.
“One of the primary ways to reduce teen pregnancy and relieve generational poverty from teen pregnancy is to teach contraception,” he said.
“Not to just assume that if you teach abstinence, every kid will obey.
“That’s a little too head-in-the-sand, from my perspective.”
Some critics say the state’s standards, while an improvement, are inadequate when it comes to consent and LGBTQ+ (lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer and others) issues, including gender identity.
The state board does require that schools teach about healthy relationships and setting personal boundaries for sexual activity.
Schools are first choice
Under Texas law, parents have the ultimate say over not only whether their child receives sexual health education, but also what is covered in those lessons.
For nearly 30 years, school districts have been required to create and appoint school health advisory councils, tasked with reviewing and recommending health curricula, including on sexual health.
Most members must be parents and not district employees, so the content of sex education classes can still vary widely by district.
Healthy Futures of Texas policy and research senior director Jen Biundo described a study she helped to conduct, asking parents and teenagers who they would prefer to teach teens about sex.
While parents and teens ranked them differently, she said their choices were the same: schools, doctors and parents.
Health advocates point out that not all parents can or do educate their children about sex – and that many teens live in unstable situations like foster care.
Biundo said that when they asked teens where they learn about sex, the top answers were “my friends and the internet”.
Indeed, some parents, especially those who were teen mothers themselves, may not know about birth control or how to access it.
“Where are the parents supposed to get the knowledge from?” Chester said.
“Because they came through the same school system that didn’t teach sex ed, and all of a sudden they’re supposed to know what to teach their kids.
“We are trying to end that generational curse of being uneducated,” she said. – By Emmarie Huetteman/Kaiser Health News/Tribune News Service
Kaiser Health News (KHN) is a US national newsroom that produces in-depth journalism about health issues. Together with Policy Analysis and Polling, KHN is one of the three major operating programmes at KFF (Kaiser Family Foundation). KFF is an endowed non-profit organisation providing information on health issues to the US.
