Dirty air helps spread of bacteria, say specialists

GEORGE TOWN: Medical experts are raising concerns about the role of air pollution in bacterial spread and the potential development of antibiotic resistance.

According to specialists, pollutants in the air can impact bacterial cell walls, facilitating the absorption of elements that contribute to antibiotic resistance.

This process, known as horizontal gene transfer, allows bacteria to evolve and become more antibiotic-resistant.

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This evolution occurs faster than other causes of antibiotic resistance, as indicated by modelling studies.

Dr Kumitaa Theva Das, a virologist from Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM), highlighted a recent study that examined nine bacterial pathogens and nearly 50 types of antibiotics.

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The findings, she said, revealed a significant link between air pollution and antibiotic resistance, specifically that a 1% increase in air pollution was associated with up to a 1.9% increase in antibiotic resistance.

“This study shows that pollutants accelerate bacterial evolution, making particle pollution potentially one of the leading drivers of antibiotic resistance.

“Among others, this source can be attributed to wildfires, which is what we are currently experiencing.

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“These pollutants can affect the heart, lungs, and respiratory health.

“Kids, the elderly, and those with heart and lung diseases such as asthma face a higher risk and should be extra cautious,” she said.

To safeguard against the harmful effects of haze, Dr Kumitaa recommended practical measures.

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Wearing face masks, maintaining hydration, adopting a nutritious diet, and reducing outdoor activities are essential steps to mitigate the risks associated with air pollution.

USM family medicine specialist Dr Mastura Mohd Sopian further highlighted the diverse antibiotic- resistant bacteria and resistance genes that can emerge due to polluted air.

The haze, prevalent during occurrences like wildfires, can alter genes and contribute indirectly to antibiotic resistance through gene-environment interactions, particularly influencing respiratory tract infections.

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Dr Mastura emphasised that the impact of haze is more pronounced in individuals with pre-existing heart or lung conditions.

Acute symptoms like coughing, wheezing, shortness of breath, fatigue, and weakness can result from exposure to haze.

Moreover, prolonged exposure may lead to bronchitis and an elevated risk of lung cancer.

To mitigate the adverse effects of haze, Dr Mastura advised the public to increase water intake, maintain regular facial and hand hygiene, wear face masks consistently, and limit outdoor activities, especially when air quality is poor.