Useful, but dangerous: Asbestos needs to be phased out for our health

Asbestos is a common component of construction materials, including roof sheets, as they have good heat resistance and insulating properties. — Filepic

Asbestos has been widely used in various industries due to its heat resistance, strength and insulating properties.

However, despite its industrial benefits, asbestos poses significant health risks, which has led to widespread regulations and public health efforts aimed at mitigating its dangers.

Natural Resources and Environmental Sustainability Minister Nik Nazmi Nik Ahmad recently announced plans for a total ban of asbestos in Malaysia.

This is on top of previous restrictions on the use of the material, including a ban in all government buildings since 2005.

What is it?

Asbestos refers to a group of minerals composed of thin, fibrous crystals.

It has been used extensively in construction materials, automotive parts, textiles and industrial applications.

Common asbestos-containing products include construction materials such as roofing tiles, insulation, cement sheets and vinyl flooring.

In the automotive industry, it has been used in brake pads, clutches and gaskets.

Asbestos is also present in older buildings, soil near natural deposits, and disposal sites for asbestos- containing products.

Its durability means that it does not degrade easily, remaining a potential hazard for decades.

Asbestos fibres are dangerous when they become airborne.

These microscopic fibres can be inhaled or ingested, thus lodging in the lungs or other tissues, leading to long-term health issues.

What are the dangers?

The main health risks associated with asbestos exposure include mesothelioma, asbestosis, lung cancer and other diseases affecting the lungs.

Mesothelioma is a rare and aggressive cancer.

It is almost exclusively linked to asbestos exposure.

It affects the lining of the lungs (pleura), abdomen (peritoneum) or heart (pericardium).

Symptoms can take 20 to 50 years to appear, making early detection difficult.

Asbestosis is a chronic lung disease caused by the accumulation of asbestos fibres in the lungs, which leads to inflammation and scarring.

These result in symptoms such as shortness of breath, persistent coughing and chest pain.

While not cancerous, asbestosis is irreversible and can severely impact quality of life.

Exposure to asbestos also significantly increases the risk of lung cancer, especially among smokers.

Asbestos exposure has also been linked to cancers of the larynx (voice box) and ovaries.

Non-cancerous conditions affecting the lining of the lungs, such as pleural plaques, pleural effusion and diffuse pleural thickening, are also associated with asbestos exposure.

The risks of exposure depend on the duration, intensity and type of asbestos fibres encountered.

High-risk groups include individuals with occupational exposure, such as construction workers, miners and industrial workers.

Residents near asbestos mines, factories or deteriorating buildings are also at risk due to environmental exposure.

Family members of workers exposed to asbestos can face secondary exposure through contaminated clothing or tools.

What has been done?

The recognition of asbestos-related health risks has led to significant regulatory and public health efforts worldwide.

These initiatives aim to limit exposure, manage existing materials and protect future generations.

Globally, the Rotterdam Convention requires countries to give prior informed consent before exporting hazardous materials, including certain types of asbestos.

The World Health Organization (WHO) advocates for a global ban on asbestos and promotes awareness of its health risks.

In the United States, agencies like the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) play key roles in regulating asbestos use.

The US EPA bans specific asbestos- containing products under the Toxic Substances Control Act and regulates its use through the Clean Air Act.

The US OSHA sets strict workplace exposure limits and mandates protective measures for workers.

Meanwhile, their Asbestos Hazard Emergency Response Act requires schools to inspect for asbestos and implement management plans.

In the European Union, the Asbestos Directive prohibits asbestos use and sets occupational exposure limits, while the Waste Framework Directive ensures the safe disposal of asbestos-containing waste.

Britain’s Control of Asbestos Regulations 2012 mandates the identification and management of asbestos in buildings and workplaces.

Australia implemented a complete ban on asbestos in 2003, prohibiting its import, use and sale, with their Asbestos Safety and Eradication Agency overseeing safe removal and disposal efforts.

Canada’s Asbestos Prohibition Regulations (2018) enforce a complete ban on asbestos use and importation.

In Malaysia, asbestos is already listed as a hazardous material under the Environment Department.

However, multiple ministries are involved in its overall jurisdiction.

It is for this reason that the Natural Resources and Environmental Sustainability Ministry will require Cabinet-level support to completely eradicate asbestos.

What can we do?

Preventing exposure to asbestos is critical to minimising its health risks.

Identifying asbestos in buildings is essential, and certified professionals should be hired for inspections and removal.

In workplaces, employers must adhere to regulations, monitor air quality and provide protective equipment.

Education and awareness campaigns can help communities and workers understand the risks of asbestos exposure and the importance of safe handling practices.

Individuals with known exposure should undergo periodic medical check-ups for early detection of asbestos-related conditions.

Although many countries have implemented bans and strict regulations, asbestos remains a global public health challenge.

Developing nations, where asbestos is still in use, face heightened risks.

A collaborative effort involving governments, industries and public health organisations is essential to eradicate the dangers of asbestos and protect future generations.

By staying informed and advocating for stricter controls, we can work towards a safer, asbestos-free world.

Dr Helmy Haja Mydin is a consultant respiratory physician and Social & Economic Research Initiative senior policy advisor. For further information, email [e-mail]. The information provided is for educational and communication purposes only. The Star does not give any warranty on accuracy, completeness, functionality, usefulness or other assurances as to the content appearing in this column. The Star disclaims all responsibility for any losses, damage to property or personal injury suffered directly or indirectly from reliance on such information.