Pregnant ladies, cut out the coffee

A recent review of research finds that pregnant women and those trying to conceive should avoid caffeine, as it could result in problems like miscarriage, stillbirth, low birth weight and childhood acute leukaemia. Photo: AFP

Women who are pregnant or trying to conceive should be advised to avoid caffeine, according to an analysis of observational studies published in the journal BMJ Evidence Based Medicine.

This is as the evidence suggests that maternal caffeine consumption is associated with negative pregnancy outcomes and that there is no safe level of consumption.

Caffeine is probably the most widely consumed psychoactive substance in history, and many people, including pregnant women, consume it on a daily basis.

Pregnant women have been advised that consuming a small amount of caffeine daily will not harm their baby.

The UK National Health Service, the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, the Dietary Guidelines for Americans and the European Food Safety Authority set this level at 200mg of caffeine – approximately two cups of moderate strength coffee per day.

This study undertook a review of the current evidence on caffeine-related pregnancy outcomes, to determine whether the recommended safe level of consumption for pregnant women is soundly based.

Through database searches, psychologist Professor Dr Jack James of Reykjavik University in Iceland, identified 1,261 English language peer-reviewed articles linking caffeine and caffeinated beverages to pregnancy outcomes.

These were whittled down to 48 original observational studies and meta-analyses published in the past two decades, reporting results for one or more of six major negative pregnancy outcomes: miscarriage, stillbirth, low birth weight and/or small for gestational age, preterm birth, childhood acute leukaemia, and childhood overweight and obesity.

A total of 42 separate findings were reported in 37 observational studies.

Of these, 32 found that caffeine significantly increased risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes and 10 found no or inconclusive associations.

Caffeine-related risk was reported with moderate to high levels of consistency for all pregnancy outcomes except preterm birth.

Eleven studies reported on the findings of 17 meta-analyses, and in 14 of these, maternal caffeine consumption was associated with increased risk for four adverse outcomes: miscarriage, stillbirth, low birth weight and/or small for gestational age, and childhood acute leukaemia.

The three remaining meta-analyses did not find an association between maternal caffeine consumption and preterm birth.

No meta-analyses looked at the association between maternal caffeine consumption and childhood overweight and obesity, but four of five observational studies reported significant associations.

This is an observational study, so can’t establish causation.

The author also points out that the results could be impacted by other confounding factors, such as recall of caffeine consumption, maternal cigarette smoking, and most importantly, pregnancy symptoms.

Pregnancy symptoms, such as nausea and vomiting in early pregnancy, are predictive of a healthy pregnancy and women who experience them are likely to reduce their caffeine intake.

But he adds that the dose-responsive nature of the associations between caffeine and adverse pregnancy outcomes, and the fact that some studies found no threshold below which negative outcomes were absent, supports likely causation rather than mere association.

Prof James concludes that there is “substantial cumulative evidence” of an association between maternal caffeine consumption and diverse negative pregnancy outcomes.

These negative outcomes are miscarriage, stillbirth, low birth weight and/or small for gestational age, childhood acute leukaemia, and childhood overweight and obesity.

However, preterm birth is not among the negative outcomes associated with maternal coffee consumption.

As a result, he adds, current health recommendations concerning caffeine consumption during pregnancy are in need of “radical revision”.

“Specifically, the cumulative scientific evidence supports pregnant women and women contemplating pregnancy being advised to avoid caffeine, ” he says.

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