NEW YORK: US airlines abandoned the practice of hedging against fuel costs long ago. With oil prices surging following US-Israel strikes on Iran, it will likely be looking at in the event of a lengthy conflict that keeps prices elevated for months.
Jet fuel prices have risen 15% in the past week, another challenge for an industry already dealing with the fallout from the expanding conflict, with more than 20,000 flights cancelled and thousands of passengers stranded.
Fuel is the second-largest expense for air carriers after labour, typically accounting for a fifth to a quarter of operating expenses, and US airlines largely stopped hedging that cost over the past two decades.
Southwest, an active hedger in the past, ended the practice in 2025, calling it expensive and unreliable.
European and Asian companies, including Air France-KLM and Cathay Pacific, maintain active hedging books.
Hedging can protect airlines from spikes in fuel costs through the use of derivative contracts.
But it can also backfire when prices fall, exposing carriers to above-market rates in swaps – a certain type of hedge contract that burned US carriers in the past.
Without hedging, airlines are exposed to a prolonged bump in jet fuel prices, now at US$2.83 per gallon on average, according to the Oil Price Information Service.
Spot fuel traded at the US Gulf Coast surged to US$4.12 a gallon last Thursday, the highest since June 2022, according to Platts, a unit of S&P Global Energy.
Delta Air Lines said in its annual filing that a one US cent increase in the cost of jet fuel per gallon would increase fuel expenses annually by about US$40mil.
For American Airlines, the increase would be about US$50mil, and for Southwest, US$22mil, according to regulatory filings.
American used about double the amount of fuel as Southwest in 2025, “which is a product of our fleet size and overall level of flying versus Southwest,” an American spokesperson said.
TD Cowen estimated last week that United Airlines’ earnings per share (EPS) for the March quarter in a range of five to 22 US cents at current jet fuel prices, far short of United’s January adjusted EPS forecast of US$1 to US$1.50.
United declined to comment, but CEO Scott Kirby told CNBC that the rising fuel prices will have a “meaningful” hit on its quarterly results.
All told, those four US carriers are looking at a combined US$5.8bil in additional fuel costs if jet fuel prices remain at these elevated levels all year, according to Reuters calculations, after several years where costs declined.
Roughly a fifth of global seaborne jet fuel has been disrupted, Philip Jones-Lux, an analyst at commodity market intelligence firm Sparta Commodities, said in a note.
Refineries across the Middle East and Asia have cut refinery output just as aircraft are being rerouted around the Gulf and drawing more heavily on Asian fuel hubs, he said.
Big swings for spot benchmarks in Singapore, Northwest Europe and at the US Gulf Coast is making it difficult to determine pricing trends, and piling uncertainty on how they will affect airline margins.
Analysts said the hit to margins will also depend on the conflict’s duration and the ability of individual airlines to offset rising costs. Some may be able to raise ticket prices because they rely more on premium cabins and corporate travellers.
“I’m pretty convinced the airlines are going to remain unhedged in the United States and look to pass through the costs to end consumers (only if needed in the event of sustained fuel inflation) instead,” Morgan Stanley analyst Ravi Shanker said.
Whether European airlines are able to save on fuel costs will depend on the price at which they hedged, given jet fuel price volatility over the last year, Shanker said.
Carriers like Alaska Air and JetBlue, which serve highly competitive domestic markets and take in less premium revenue, may have a harder time cushioning the cost shocks.
American serves more fare-sensitive leisure travellers, and its short-haul routes use more fuel due to frequent take-offs and landings. JetBlue and Alaska did not respond to requests for comment.
Delta has a buffer thanks to a subsidiary-owned refinery in Pennsylvania with a capacity of about 190,000 barrels per day, nearly three-quarters of Delta’s fuel consumption.
That protects the company from paying the refining margin – the profit another refiner would make on the difference between the price of crude oil and refined jet fuel.
Still, this does not shield Delta from swings in crude oil prices. The airline did not respond to a request for comment.
Benchmark US crude surpassed US$87 a barrel last Friday morning, after closing at its highest since July 2024 last Thursday. — Reuters
