As dark plumes billow from overhead smokestacks, brickmakers at a kiln in Pakistan’s Sheikhupura district crush coal through small holes beneath their feet into the fiery chambers below.
Workers already have to endure extreme conditions at traditional brick kilns, which burn at over 1,000°C and demand constant monitoring to ensure they remain hot enough.
But they are becoming almost unbearable as climate change makes summers even hotter in a country already used to temperatures well over 40°C.
Abid Hussain, a 35-year-old labourer whose clothes were covered in dark soot, said the work felt like being trapped between fire below and, increasingly, above.
He is one of hundreds of thousands working in an industry that labour advocates say is poorly regulated, badly paid and becoming more dangerous as temperatures rise.
“The heat is undoubtedly extreme but when you think about the financial pressures at home, you have no option but to keep working,” Hussain said.
Fast-growing Pakistan’s construction boom is increasing the demand for labour in the sector, in which workers earn around US$3 (RM12) a day.
Despite the scorching sun and dust filling the air, workers stay on the heated kiln surface for hours at a time.
“I would describe these brick kilns as places of confinement,” said Syeda Ghulam Fatima, the General Secretary of the Bonded Labour Liberation Front Pakistan.
“Workers endure relentless heat from the blazing sun overhead while the intense heat radiating from the kiln rises beneath them.”
The workers remain trapped in a cycle of debt, extreme heat, and deteriorating health, Fatima said, adding rising global temperatures amplified the risks.
Sheikhupura is at the heart of Pakistan’s massive brick kiln industry. Nationwide, more than 18,000 brick kilns employ a total of over a million people, according to 2018 data in a Climate and Clean Air Coalition report.
Pakistan is ranked among the countries most vulnerable to the impacts of climate change globally, according to experts.
Fatima said many workers receive advance payments, making them unable to decline to work in dangerous conditions without falling into burdensome debt.
Hussain, who earns roughly 25,000 Pakistani rupees (RM368) a month, said the money barely covers rent and his children’s basic needs.
“No matter the situation, whether we are ill or there are family matters, we still have to work,” he said.
“If I take time off, we’ll be in trouble.” — AFP
