Aeshnina Azzahra Aqilani is too young to vote in Indonesia’s elections this month, but that hasn’t stopped her from demanding the three presidential candidates adopt greener policies to combat the climate crisis.
Over the last six months, the 16-year-old student collected almost 1,000 letters, both online and at schools and colleges, from young people across her home province of East Java.
The writers – 60% of whom will be first-time voters in the presidential and legislative elections on Feb 14 – all demanded firmer action on climate change and recycling.
“They hope that environmental issues will be prioritised by our three presidential candidates,” said Aqilani, who lives in Gresik regency and forwarded the letters to the candidates in late January.
Environmentalists say that while the candidates have spoken during campaigning about the urgent risks posed by climate change – a new development from past elections – policies on addressing the climate crisis often lack detail and ambition.
Defence Minister Prabowo Subianto, the former governor of Central Java province Ganjar Pranowo and former Jakarta governor Anies Baswedan are all vying to replace outgoing leader Joko Widodo, known also as Jokowi, after a decade in power.
But while all three have made pledges on the environment, there are fears that these may be watered down not least because analysts say political candidates in Indonesia often have or develop close ties with natural resource companies to help finance their ambitions, and this can influence climate and economic policies.
“Indonesia’s next leaders must take climate issues as part of their key policies,” said Nirarta Samadhi, country director at nonprofit World Resources Institute Indonesia, noting that the majority of those voting on Feb 14 will be young.
About 205 million of the more than 270 million people in the world’s most populous Muslim-majority country are eligible to vote, with around a third of those under the age of 30 and 52% under 40, according to the General Elections Commission.
“(Young people) would be among those mostly impacted by climate change – now and in the future,” Samadhi added.
Youth-led climate activism is thriving in Indonesia, and there is solid public awareness of the effects of the climate crisis and the need for politicians to act swiftly.
A survey published last year by the Center of Economic and Law Studies and the UniTrend research institute at Gadjah Mada University showed that 81% of Indonesians believe the government should declare a climate emergency, while 60% think that the government has largely failed to act on the climate crisis.
Calls for clarityIndonesia is one of the world’s 17 “megadiverse” countries, home to the third-largest tropical forests and also the biggest palm oil producer, a commodity blamed by many environmentalists for high deforestation rates.
Destroying rainforests is a major threat to climate action, as trees absorb about a third of planet-warming carbon dioxide emissions produced worldwide, but release carbon back into the air when they rot or are burned.
Large areas of Indonesia’s rainforests have been cleared for crops or for industries like mining and pulp and paper, or for urbanisation.
Deforestation rates have slowed in recent years because of stricter policies and forest fire controls but the country was still ranked fourth globally for primary tropical forest loss in 2022 by the WRI.
Despite the critical importance of its rich biodiversity to Indonesia and the world, the three presidential candidates have focused their campaigns on promoting growth, jobs, welfare, anti-corruption and pluralism.
And while they have pledged to introduce or maintain green policies – such as incentivising renewable energy investments, phasing out coal power plants, empowering forest conservation efforts, and potentially ending the state power utility’s monopoly – analysts say more must be done.
Tiza Mafira, director at the Climate Policy Initiative independent think tank, said any new president must back current energy transition targets and ensure the phasing out of fossil fuels continues.
Indonesia has pledged to cut emissions by more than 30% by 2030 and to achieve net-zero emissions by 2060. The target for the energy sector is to achieve net zero by 2050.
In late 2022, Jakarta took a major step towards reaching this goal by clinching one of the largest-ever climate finance deals to shutter its coal-fired power plants early and shift to renewable energy.
This transition away from fossil fuels has yet to translate into firm action, and while there is concern in resource-rich areas over jobs, its potential impacts are yet to be fully considered by most voters, many of whom are still reeling from the economic impacts of the Covid-19 pandemic.
“All three candidates have mentioned climate goals, which shows that climate change is not a polarising issue,” Mafira said.
“The defining debates will be around which policies will succeed in reaching climate goals within the deadline – net zero by 2060 or 2050 – and therefore avoid the high cost of slow action,” she added.
Risk of biodiversity loss
Green policies introduced by Jokowi should be continued but a new leader should also make improvements and try different approaches, said Firdaus Cahyadi, Indonesia team lead at climate activist group 350.org.
For example, the energy transition deal should be renegotiated to avoid much of it arriving as loans in favour of more balanced financing, he said.
The agreement should also boost transparency, switch focus away from large-scale renewable energy projects to community-based renewable energy, and remove any provisions that still allow the construction of coal-fired power plants, he added.
“Each candidate has incorporated the green economy into the documents outlining their vision and mission,” Cahyadi said.
“However, there is a possibility that all candidates may divert the green economy agenda to serve the interests of sustaining businesses in fossil energy and large-scale plantations, which could lead to deforestation.” — Reuters
