AS an American reporter living in Beijing, I’ve watched both China and the rest of the world flirt with cutting-edge technologies involving robots, drones and self-driving vehicles.
But China has now raced far beyond the flirtation stage. It’s rolling out fleets of autonomous delivery trucks, experimenting with flying cars and installing parking lot robots that can swap out your EV’s dying battery in just minutes. There are drones that deliver lunch by lowering it from the sky on a cable.
If all that sounds futuristic and perhaps bizarre, it also shows China’s ambition to dominate clean energy technologies of all kinds, not just solar panels or battery-powered cars, then sell them to the rest of the world. China has incurred huge debts to put trillions of dollars into efforts like these, along with the full force of its state-planned economy.
These ideas, while ambitious, don’t always work smoothly, as I learned after taking a bullet train to Hefei, a city the size of Chicago, to see what it’s like to live in this vision of tomorrow. Hefei is one of many cities where technologies like these are getting prototyped in real time.
I checked them all out. The battery-swapping robots, the self-driving delivery trucks, the lunches from the sky. Starting with flying taxis, no pilot on board.
Hefei flying cars
Hefei is one of the first Chinese cities to issue permits for what are basically flying cars, so I booked a ride.
The goal of the experiment is taxi-like service between stations around town. Six other cities are working on similar projects.
The first snag: I was 1.8kg too heavy. These weren’t built for 6-foot-4 (193cm) Americans. Instead our photographer, Qilai Shen, climbed in.
The two-seater is piloted remotely, not by someone sitting next to you. They can travel 25 minutes on a charge and go about 80mph (129kmh).
“A lot of vibrations, but not in a scary way,” Qilai said of the ride. “Like sitting on one of those tractor lawn mowers.”
Battery-swapping robots for cars
Of course, far more people get around by car. And navigating Hefei’s city streets shows how China has radically transformed the driving experience.
Electric vehicles (including models with a tiny gasoline engine for extra range) have accounted for more than half of new-car sales in China every month since March. A subcompact can cost as little as US$9,000 (RM35,018).
They are quite advanced. New models can charge in as little as five minutes. China has installed 18.6 million public charging stations, making them abundant even in rural areas and all but eliminating the range anxiety holding back EV sales in the United States.
Essentially, China has turned cars into sophisticated rolling smartphones. Some have built-in karaoke apps so you can entertain yourself while your car does the driving.
You still need to charge, though.
In Hefei, plug-in stations are as long as football fields. This one had about 100 bays.
And drive-thru battery-swapping stations are routine. While you wait, a robot plucks out your car’s drained battery and pops in a new one.
Cars pull into cube-like garages. It takes three minutes, about as long as you might spend at a traditional gas pump.
A driver simply backs into the cube. Then a hatch opens beneath the car to do the swap.
You might not even need to touch the steering wheel. This car backed itself in.
Lunch from the sky
China’s goal with ideas like these is to power more of its economy on clean electricity, instead of costly imported fossil fuels. Beijing has spent vast sums of money, much of it borrowed, on efforts to combine its prowess in manufacturing, artificial intelligence and clean energy to develop entirely new products to sell to the rest of the world.
Drone delivery has a serious side. Hospitals in Hefei now use drones to move emergency supplies, including blood, swiftly around the city. Retailers have visions of fewer packages stuck in traffic.
But does the world need drone-delivered fast food? And how fast would it really be? As afternoon approached, we decided to put flying lunches to the test.
We decided to eat in a city park where a billboard advertised drone delivery of pork cutlets, duck wings and milk tea from local restaurants, or hamburgers from Burger King. Someone had scrawled in Chinese characters on the sign, “Don’t order, it won’t deliver.”
A park worker offered us free advice: Get someone to deliver it on a scooter.
Undeterred, we used a drone-delivery app to order a fried pork cutlet and a small omelette on fried rice. Then, rather than wait in the park, we went to the restaurant to see how the system worked.
In a basement food court a mile away, we spotted our order on the counter.
A delivery guy grabbed it and agreed to let Qilai tag along to the launch site, a few minutes away by scooter. He had to wait for a drone to arrive. Then the batteries needed swapping.
Lunch was ready for liftoff. We raced back to the park, but the drone was faster. Our order awaited us on the lawn.
We returned to the park the next day and ordered soup. This time we stayed to watch the landing. There was lots of packaging for not much food. But the soup stayed warm despite the journey.
Very rapid transit
China’s bullet trains are famous for a reason. Many can go nearly 220 mph (354kmh) – so fast that when you blast past a highway in one of these trains, cars look like they’re barely moving.
In less than two decades China has built a high-speed rail network some 30,000 miles long, two-thirds the length of the US Interstate highway system. As many as 100 trains a day connect China’s biggest cities.
Building anything this enormous creates pollution in its initial construction, of course, using lots of concrete and steel. Construction was expensive and the system has racked up nearly US$900bil (RM3.5 trillon) in debt, partly because it’s politically hard to raise ticket prices.
But the trains themselves are far less polluting than cars, trucks or planes. And they make day trips fast and easy. So we decided to hop over to Wuhan, more than 321.8km away.
It took well under two hours. The fastest US trains need more like three hours to cover a similar distance, New York to Washington.
The train stations look like airports. Most passengers board by swiping their national identity cards.
First class has lots of legroom. Second-class seats are more like economy on a plane. There are also lie-flat VIP options.
And forget about walking to the cafe car. By scanning a code on your seat’s armrest, you can have a Starbucks coffee brought to you.
It’s delivered by a human.
Taxis that drive themselves
We rolled into Wuhan looking forward to catching a robot taxi. While a few US cities have experimented with driverless cars, China leads in the number on the road and where they can operate.
But train stations are a special problem. In big cities, some stations are so popular that the streets nearby are gridlocked for blocks in every direction.
That was the case in Wuhan. Autonomous cars have not been approved in the chronically gridlocked streets next to the train stations, which meant that, to meet our robot taxi at its pickup spot, we either needed to walk 20 minutes or hop on a subway. (We walked.)
Of course if you want your own personal self-driving car, dozens of automakers in China sell models with some autonomous features. However, you are required to keep your hands on the wheel and eyes on the road. Just this month, regulators told automakers to do more testing before offering hands-free driving on mass production cars.
We wanted the full robot chauffeur experience. We used an app to order a driverless car. It arrived, but stopped 20 yards (18.3m) away. A human driver might have pulled up to us.
A QR code unlocked the door. We were greeted by an empty driver’s seat and a voice telling us to please buckle up.
Watching a steering wheel move by itself, as if controlled by unseen hands, can feel spooky.
The ride was smooth, with few of the jerks and hiccups I experienced in a driverless taxi here in Wuhan last year. A control panel on the armrest offered karaoke and seat massages.
A trip later wasn’t so smooth. We needed to change our destination, but the car wouldn’t oblige. We ended up going to the wrong train station, with no driver to help.
Robot trucks that don’t need windows
After a meal at one of Wuhan’s famous crawfish restaurants, we headed back to Hefei.
We had enjoyed Hefei’s airborne lunches, but there’s a lot more autonomous delivery in that city than just food.
China still has many intercity truck drivers but is starting to replace them with robot trucks for the last mile to stores and homes.
The trucks look strangely faceless. With no driver compartment in front, they resemble steel boxes on wheels.
The smaller ones in Hefei carry 300 to 500 packages.
The trucks go to neighbourhood street corners where packages are distributed to apartments by delivery people on electric scooters or a committee of local residents. Larger trucks serve stores.
Robot delivery trucks now operate even in rural areas.
I recently spotted one deep in the countryside as it waited for 13 water buffalo to cross a road.
Packages are loaded into an autonomous delivery truck in a warehouse.
They stop and start with lurches that would not impress a Tesla owner, but packages make less discerning passengers.
Sensors and sophisticated software enable them to navigate city traffic.
It’s common to have neighbourhood committees whose members, often retirees, handle duties such as unloading the robot trucks.
Residents pick up their packages and take them home.
Subways get a makeover
Cities across the country are rapidly building subways. China has become the world’s main manufacturer of automated tunnel-boring machines.
It has also pioneered the manufacture of prefab subway stations. Building a new station can take as little as two months.
Nearly 50 cities in China have subway networks, compared with about a dozen in the US, and they tend to be popular and heavily used.
And like so many things, new ones are usually driverless.
Stations are sleek and clean, and the newest are designed with no stairs to navigate.
But security scanners are common. Terrorist attacks a decade ago at train stations raised safety concerns.
While New York subways rely on century-old technologies, Hefei’s are automated. They arrive every three minutes during rush hour.
The “open gangway” design eliminates doors between cars. It’s easier for people to find seats, and for trains to fit more riders.
Hefei’s 183 stations make its nine-year-old network a little more than one-third the size of New York’s, which opened more than a century ago.
Changes across the country
Many Chinese cities have not only replaced diesel buses with electric ones but are also experimenting with hydrogen-powered buses.
And driverless buses. And driverless garbage trucks. And driverless vending machines.
One such vending machine was operating in the Hefei park where we ordered our drone lunches. According to a nearby hot dog vendor, the brightly lit four-wheeler drives into the park every morning, though always accompanied by a person on a bike who made sure nothing went wrong.
A robotic snack machine that needs a chaperone – how practical is that? But the fact that they are rolling around the streets of Hefei at all says something about China’s willingness to test the boundaries of transportation technologies.
Some ideas may not work out, and others might suit China but not travel well. For example, Beijing can essentially order arrow-straight rail lines to be built almost to the heart of urban areas with little concern for what’s in the way. Other countries can’t replicate that. Chinese-built bullet trains in Nigeria and Indonesia, which travel from one city’s suburbs to the next, haven’t proven nearly as popular.
Still, China shows a willingness to take risks that other countries may not. In San Francisco, the death of a bodega cat, killed by a self-driving taxi, has hurt the industry’s image. But in China, fleets of similar cars are operating widely and censors delete reports of accidents. The cars are improving their software and gaining experience.
As for me, after several days putting Hefei’s idea of the future to the test, it was time to head for my next reporting assignment, in Nanjing. By bullet train, of course. — ©2026 The New York Times Company
This article originally appeared in The New York Times.
