On the drought-stricken plains of Morocco’s Chtouka region, cherry tomato farms stretch as far as the eye can see, clinging to life through a single, environmentally contentious lifeline: desalination.
“We wouldn’t be here without it,” said Abir Lemseffer, who manages production for the tomato giant Azura.
Severe drought driven by climate change has gripped the North African country since 2018, leaving Azura’s 800 hectares of farms entirely dependent on desalinated water.
But the technology comes at a high cost – both financially and environmentally.
It is energy-intensive, and in a country where more than half of the electricity still comes from coal, it carries a heavy carbon footprint.
Since 2022, Morocco’s largest desalination plant, located nearby, has been producing 125,000 cubic metres of water a day.
The supply irrigates 12,000 hectares of farmland and provides drinking water for 1.6 million people in Agadir and surrounding areas, said Ayoub Ramdi of the regional agricultural development office.
By the end of 2026, officials hope to boost production to 400,000 cubic metres of water, half of which would be designated for agriculture.
Without that water, “a catastrophic scenario would loom over Morocco”, said Rqia Bourziza, an agronomist.
Agriculture, which contributes about 12% to Morocco’s overall economy, has been badly hit by six consecutive years of drought – prompting the country to go all-in on desalination.
Across Morocco, there are 16 plants capable of producing 270 million cubic metres of water per year, with a target of reaching 1.7 billion cubic metres by 2030.
Pricey water
While around 1,500 farmers in the Agadir region make use of the water provided by the plant, others don’t because it’s simply too expensive.
Among them is Hassan, who grows courgettes and peppers on half a hectare of land and uses water from a well shared with 60 other farmers.
“I can’t afford to use that water,” he said, declining to give his full name.
Desalinated water is sold at US$0.56 (RM2.37) per cubic metre, excluding taxes, compared with US$0.11 (RM0.47) per cubic metre for conventional water.
That hefty price tag comes despite a 40% subsidy from public coffers.
Ali Hatimy, another agronomist, said “the cost of desalinated water significantly reduces the range of potential crops because only very high-value-added crops can offset it”.
Rqia insisted that desalination was “a very good alternative” but only for high-value crops such as tomatoes and orchard fruits.
Beyond the financial cost, desalination also exerts an environmental cost, said Ali.
“The production of desalinated water requires tremendous amounts of electrical energy and brine discharges impact marine ecosystems,” he said.
Highly concentrated brine is a byproduct of the desalination process.
Ayoub, from the agricultural development office, said that “no impact” had been observed in the waters around Agadir, adding that the brine was diluted before its release.
While Morocco has a growing share of renewable energy, 62% of its electricity came from coal in 2023 and 14% from oil and gas, according to the International Energy Agency.
Insufficient groundwater
The stakes in the wider region of Souss-Massa, which accounts for 85% of Morocco’s fruit and vegetable exports, are high.
Nearly two million tonnes are produced each year, with a turnover of US$1.1bil (RM4.66bil).
Ayoub said the desalination plant had thus helped to protect US$1bil (RM4.24bil) of revenue a year and more than a million jobs.
“Desalination has saved agriculture in Chtouka,” said Mohamed Boumarg, walking through one of his tomato greenhouses.
“Before, I only cultivated five hectares because I was constrained by the amount of water I had. Groundwater was not sufficient,” said the 38-year-old farmer who now grows 20 hectares of tomatoes, with 60% of his crop marked for export.
“Our survival depends on it,” said Abir of Azura. “Either we accept sacrificing some of our margin by using desalinated water, or we close up shop.” – AP
