IN 2004, the American vice-chairman of Henry Kissinger Associates, Joshua Cooper Ramo, coined the term “Beijing Consensus” as an alternative to the Washington Consensus, the neoliberal framework of economic policies devised in the 1980s by the International Monetary Fund (IMF), World Bank and the US Treasury.
At that time, China had just joined the World Trade Organisation and internally there was considerable scepticism that there was such a Beijing Consensus.
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