Soybean harvest in Illinois last September; China imports a substantial portion of the U.S. crop. PHOTO: DANIEL ACKER/BLOOMBERG NEWS
BEIJING: China is preparing to hit back at trade offensives from Washington with tariffs aimed at President Donald Trump’s support base, including levies targeting U.S. agricultural exports from Farm Belt states, according to people familiar with the matter.
The plans are part of a strategy that has taken shape in recent weeks as Beijing seeks to avert tariffs by warning of possible repercussions and offering incentives to the U.S., including better access to China’s markets, especially in the financial sector.
China’s President Xi Jinping has taken this carrot-and-stick approach in an effort to avoid a trade war, these people said.
“Any Chinese response to new U.S. tariffs would be measured and proportional,” said a Chinese official involved in policy-making.
The White House plans to announce punitive measures against China on Thursday, including tariffs on at least $30 billion in imports. Those are in addition to the steel and aluminum tariffs taking effect Friday.
In response, China is likely to target U.S. exports of soybeans, sorghum and live hogs, according to the people with knowledge of the matter. The U.S. is among the top suppliers of these products to China, which imports around a third of soybeans that the U.S. produces, data from the two countries show.
Any duties to be levied by China on those products would depend on how broad-based the U.S. tariffs are on Chinese imports, and plans could change based on what the Trump administration proposes, these people said.
Beijing is also weighing concessions including easing restrictions on foreign investment in securities firms and insurance companies, they said.
Plans for the retaliatory measures were laid out at a meeting last month convened by China’s Commerce Ministry with Chinese importers of U.S. farm products, including China National Cereals, Oils and Foodstuffs Corp., a state-owned food-processing giant. These measures were prepared in anticipation of Trump administration moves.
At the meeting, Commerce Ministry officials sought the companies’ views on the effects of scaling back U.S. agricultural imports, the people said. Since then the companies have been lining up alternatives sources—for soybeans, for instance, countries including Brazil, Argentina and Poland.
The potential retaliation is calibrated to hit states that helped elect Mr. Trump in 2016, the people said. Mr. Trump won eight of the top 10 soy and hog-producing states, and seven of the top 10 sorghum states.
Concerns about possible Chinese retaliation have weighed on crop and livestock markets in recent weeks.
“Bottom line, we’re terrified,” said Brian Grossman, a market strategist at Zaner Group in Chicago who used to farm in North Dakota. “It’s not going to be good for the American farmer.”
After The Wall Street Journal reported the possible Chinese counter-tariffs on Wednesday, shares of Bunge Ltd. , the world’s largest soybean processor, declined 0.9%, while Archer Daniels Midland Co. fell 1%. ADM and Bunge are two of the world’s largest soybean shippers, and China is far and away the world’s biggest buyer.
An impact on pig farmers could also affect soy farmers. “We need the pigs to eat what we produce,” said Shane Hanna, who farms 1,400 acres in Delphi, Ind.
Alongside tariffs, Beijing plans extend an olive branch to the U.S., which has been calling for better access to China’s markets. The opening could include scrapping foreign-ownership limits on Chinese brokerages and insurers, they said.
U.S. and other Western officials have often treated Beijing’s market-opening pronouncements with skepticism, saying hurdles have risen despite similar pledges in the past. Early last year, for example, it promised U.S. credit-card companies “full and prompt” access to China, but so far none has been given a green light.
Liu He, Mr. Xi’s top economic deputy, laid out a series of market-opening steps to senior U.S. officials in Washington this month, including Treasury Secretary Steven Mnuchin and U.S. Trade Representative Robert Lighthizer, according to people with knowledge of the event.
The administration officials countered with a far-reaching proposal, the people said, for China to eliminate subsidies for state firms and take other measures to reduce the U.S. trade deficit and level the playing field for American companies.
Beijing has continued to offer incentives. On Wednesday, the People’s Bank of China said foreign companies would be allowed into China’s fast-growing market for electronic-payment services—but didn’t make clear whether they would be allowed to do so without a Chinese joint-venture partner.
Trump administration officials say its measures are an answer to China’s policy of requiring U.S. businesses to transfer technology to Chinese partners. The administration also contends that Beijing improperly subsidizes companies in strategic areas such as semiconductors to help them overtake U.S. rivals.
China rejects those claims. “China places a high priority on protecting intellectual-property rights and improving its business operating environment,” the Commerce Ministry told The Wall Street Journal.
China has other measures besides agricultural tariffs in its arsenal, including diverting large orders for aircraft and other goods away from U.S. manufacturers and slowing the wheels of bureaucracy in approving operating licenses, or even targeting U.S. companies with antitrust investigations.
“It’s almost obligatory for the government to respond in a somewhat defiant fashion,” said Frank Lavin, a former undersecretary for international trade at the U.S. Department of Commerce who now consults on China’s e-commerce market.
While China says it wants to avoid a trade war, U.S. companies operating in China are bracing. One law firm is advising clients to check their supply chains in preparation for possible higher costs and disruptions. Some government-affairs specialists for U.S. companies here said they have gone on a charm offensive with Chinese bureaucrats.
“The language we have to repeatedly tell them: how we love this country and how this market is so important to us,” one government-affairs official at a U.S. manufacturer said.
Timothy Stratford, a former assistant U.S. trade representative, said the current trade environment could prompt U.S. companies to reconsider the long-term importance of the Chinese market.
“Gradually we may feel compelled to diversify until China is not as big a part of our business plans anymore,” said Mr. Stratford, now an attorney at Covington & Burling LLP in Beijing. “These are some really strategic questions that companies are going to have to start thinking about.” - Wall Street Journal
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