CANBERRA: Australia and Japan are tightening military and economic bonds as the region grows more volatile and long-time security guarantor US demands allies spend more on defence.
Canberra’s recent decision to buy 11 warships from a Japanese manufacturer is the clearest sign yet of the growing trust, enabling Tokyo to export cutting-edge weapons systems and share the related defence secrets for the first time. The deal also means more investment in Australia as Japanese firms set up shop to build most of the ships.
The move comes as both nations boost their defence budgets to counter China’s military rise and respond to US President Donald Trump’s pressure on allies to shoulder more responsibility for their own defence.
"In all but treaty language we are allies,” Kazuhiro Suzuki, Japan’s ambassador in Australia, said recently in Melbourne. The ship deal, he added, would create "major opportunities for collaboration” and economic spillovers.
The two countries set the stage for closer military ties through a 2023 Reciprocal Access Agreement - allowing troop deployments to each other’s territory - Japan’s first defence pact since its 1960 US alliance. Tokyo has since signed one with the Philippines and is negotiating with the UK.
On Friday, Australian and Japanese ministers will meet in Tokyo, where the Mainichi newspaper reported they’ll sign a pact on evacuating each other’s citizens during third-country conflicts.
The US has been the primary formal treaty ally of both nations for decades, with Japan and Australia key spokes in a regional alliance system with America at its hub. The firming ties now between Canberra and Tokyo are emblematic of an emerging realisation that Trump’s indifference to the post-World War II, US-led order leaves them without a reliable central coordinator, both in Europe and Asia.
Trump has demanded Japan and South Korea pay more to maintain US troops in their countries and some officials have called into question the so-called Aukus pact, which is meant to ensure Australia can procure new nuclear-powered submarines from the US.
Australia plans to lift defence spending to 2.4 per cent of GDP by 2034, while Japan targets two per cent by 2027. Currently Australia spends about 1.9 per cent of GDP, compared with about 1.4 per cent in Japan, according to data compiled by the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute.
The US is also no longer the unchallenged hegemon of the region, with China’s navy exceeding it in size and Beijing rapidly arming with planes, missiles and other weapons. China’s President Xi Jinping showcased his country’s military might this week with a parade of its latest hardware, while earlier this year, his navy rattled Canberra with unexpected live-fire drills off Australia’s eastern coast.
Still, the US remains central to both Australia and Japan, highlighted by a July logistics pact among their three navies that could turn the hub-and-spoke model into a more balanced triangle. It also has far more money and weapons, including nuclear deterrence.
Even before Australian crews sail on Japanese-built ships, the two militaries have stepped up cooperation, with Ambassador Suzuki touting nearly 40 joint drills in the past year. Japan also joined a large-scale exercise in Australia with the US and 18 other nations in July, plus drills in the South China Sea that drew Chinese criticism.
There has been "a mutual upgrading of the sense of risk and of threat in the Asia Pacific arising from China’s obvious rise as a strategic power and as a foreign policy actor,” according to Sam Roggeveen, director of the international security program at Australia’s Lowy Institute. However, "the threats that China and Russia pose to Japan, are simply not the same threats that they pose to Australia, because Australia is so much further away,” he said, adding that "geographical distance places limits on the depth of the strategic partnership because neither side will judge the threat to be as acute as the other will.”
The upward trend in relations contrasts with a decade ago, when Japan lost an Australia submarine contract to France - only for Canberra to later scrap the deal in favor of the Aukus deal. It was seen as a double blow to Japan: a missed chance to open its defence industry and a setback to then-Prime Minister Shinzo Abe’s push for closer ties.
Since then, ties have rebounded on the back of strong trade and bilateral business links. Japanese companies are the third-largest investors in Australia, with record flows of 2.5 trillion yen (US$17 billion) last year, and nearly matching levels so far this year.
Japan has been a key trading partner since a 1957 commercial treaty, reinforced by a 2015 free-trade deal and joint membership in major regional pacts. It was pivotal in developing Australia’s iron ore and liquefied natural gas industries, with Australia still its primary source of energy and a major supplier for commodities such as rare earths.
"The commitments that we’ve made to each other, particularly in our trade agreements, but also in our near alliance-like defence arrangements, are absolutely ironclad commitments,” said Jan Adams, the head of the Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. - Bloomberg
