Relations between Beijing and Seoul, especially in the field of semiconductors, could soon be put to a test, as Washington dangles nearly US$53 billion in incentives to lure more chip manufacturing to the United States, threatening China’s access to advanced technology and its role in global supply chains.
South Korea wants to strike a delicate balance between the policies of its two large trading partners, while helping memory chip giants Samsung Electronics and SK Hynix steer clear of geopolitical conflicts that may damage their business interests, according to a Korean expert familiar with Seoul’s policies who declined to be identified.
Pressure from Washington, however, is expected to increase after US President Joe Biden on Tuesday signed into law the Chips and Science Act, which earmarks nearly US$53 billion in semiconductor manufacturing incentives and another US$200 billion for research into artificial intelligence, quantum computing and other advanced technologies – areas that Beijing has designated as national priorities.
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That law’s passage could bolster Washington’s efforts to form the so-called Chip 4 Alliance, a partnership that includes South Korea, Taiwan and Japan. Beijing sees this alliance as a plot by the US government to exclude China from global semiconductor supply chains.
“If Samsung and SK Hynix tap into [Washington’s] funding, it is almost certain that it would affect their expansion in China, especially given their dependence on US [chip manufacturing] equipment,” said Gary Ng, senior economist for Asia-Pacific at investment bank Natixis.
Subsidy recipients are barred from expanding production in China beyond “legacy semiconductors” – defined as chips made with 28-nanometre process technology or older – for 10 years. The US government has the discretion to decide what would be classified as a legacy device in the memory chip market segment, where Samsung and SK Hynix are the world’s two largest manufacturers.
Both Samsung and SK Hynix have made hefty investments to build and operate chip foundries in mainland China. It would be unlikely for the two companies, according to the South Korean expert, to simply walk away from those assets and related business interests in the world’s second-largest economy.
“Compared with Taiwan, South Korea is under greater pressure mainly because Samsung’s investment in China since 2012 has reached US$25.8 billion,” said Arisa Liu, a senior semiconductor research fellow at the Taiwan Institute of Economic Research.
Samsung’s two wafer fabrication plants in Xian, capital of northwest Shaanxi province, account for 42 per cent of the company’s total NAND flash production capacity.
“If these two major factories in China can no longer continue to use more advanced [chip manufacturing] processes, they may gradually lose their competitiveness,” Liu said.
SK Hynix, meanwhile, has a fab in Wuxi, a city in eastern Jiangsu province, that accounts for 45 per cent of the company’s total dynamic random-access memory production capacity.
Keeping those manufacturing operations in China relevant in the global semiconductor industry reflects how senior Seoul government officials have their work cut out for them, as they navigate the choppy diplomatic waters between the US and China.
On the same day that the Chips and Science Act became law in the US, representatives of China and South Korea met in Qingdao, a port city in eastern Shandong province, to pledge strengthened ties and stable supply chains amid rising geopolitical tensions.
Chinese Foreign Minister Wang Yi, who met with his South Korean counterpart Park Jin, said China opposes “politicisation of the economy and weaponising of trade”, in a veiled criticism of the new US law.
Earlier on Monday, South Korean President Yoon Suk-yeol sought to allay concerns over the country joining the US-led Chip 4 Alliance, vowing to give top priority to national interests in determining Seoul’s course of action.
“Relevant government agencies will study and discuss the issue in a way to preserve national interests,” Yoon said. “People don’t have to worry about it too greatly.”
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Still, both Samsung and SK Hynix have already hedged their bets with major new semiconductor manufacturing plans in the US.
In July, Biden hailed plans from SK Hynix’s parent company, SK Group, to invest US$22 billion in semiconductor, green energy and bioscience projects in the US. That was on top of an earlier announced US$7 billion investment in the US, bringing its total investment in the country to nearly US$30 billion.
Earlier that same month, Samsung outlined potential plans to invest about US$200 billion on 11 semiconductor fabs in Texas over the next 20 years. That followed its announcement in November last year to build a new US$17 billion chip plant in that state.
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